How Were Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar Related

Augustus, known as Caesar Augustus or Octavian, was the Roman emperor Julius Caesars great-nephew whom he adopted as his son and heir. Born Gaius Octavius on September 23, 63 BCE, the future Augustus was distantly related to Caesar. Augustus was the son of Atia, the daughter of Julius Caesars sister Julia the Younger (101–51 BCE), and her husband Marcus Atius, the son of Octavius, a relatively average praetor from the Roman colony of Velitrae. Key Takeaways: Augustus and Julius Caesar   Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar were distantly related, but Julius needed an heir and legally adopted Augustus as that heir in his will, which became known and in effect when Caesar was assassinated in 43 BCE.  It took more than 25 years for Augustus to establish himself as Caesars heir and take complete and lasting control of Rome, when he became Imperator Caesar Augustus on January 16, 17 BCE.Augustus surpassed his great-uncle Julius in power and longevity, establishing the beginning of the Pax Romana, founding the Roman Empire to last for nearly 1,500 years.   Augustus (63 BCE–14 CE), a fascinating and controversial man, may have been the most important figure in Roman history, surpassing his great-uncle Julius in longevity and power. It was during Augustus long life that the failing Republic was converted to a Principate that would endure for centuries. Why Did Julius Caesar Adopt Gaius Octavius (Octavian)? By the middle of the first century BCE, Julius Caesar desperately needed an heir. He had no son, but he did have a daughter, Julia Caesaris (76–54 BCE). Although she was married several times, the last time to Caesars longtime rival and friend Pompey, Julia only had one child, who died at birth with her mother in 54 BCE. That ended her fathers hopes for an heir of his own direct blood (and incidentally ended the possibility of a truce with Pompey). So, as was common in ancient Rome then and later, Caesar sought his closest male relative to adopt as his own son. In this case, the lad in question was young Gaius Octavius, whom Caesar took under his own wing in the final years of his life. When Caesar went to Spain to fight the Pompeians in 45 BCE, Gaius Octavius went with him. Caesar, arranging the schedule in advance, named Gaius Octavius his primary lieutenant or Magister Equitum (Master of the Horse) for 43 or 42 BCE. Caesar was assassinated in 44 BCE and in his will officially adopted Gaius Octavius. Julius Caesar may have named his great-nephew Octavius as heir before he was assassinated, but Octavius did not learn of that until Caesars death. Octavius took the name Julius Caesar Octavianus at this point, thanks to the encouragement of Caesars own veterans. He went thereafter by C. Julius Caesar Octavianus or Octavian (or simply Caesar) until he was named Imperator Caesar Augustus on January 16, 17 BCE. How Did Octavian Become Emperor? By taking his great-uncles name, Octavian also assumed Caesars political mantle at the age of 18. While Julius Caesar was, in fact, a great leader, general, and dictator, he was not an emperor. But he was in the process of instituting major political reforms to reduce the power of the Senate and increase his own when he was assassinated by Brutus and other members of the Roman Senate. At first, being the adopted son of the great man Julius Caesar meant little politically. Brutus and Cassius, the men who headed the faction that had killed Julius Caesar, were still in power in Rome, as was Caesars friend Marcus Antonius (better known to modernity as Marc Antony). Augustus and the Triumvirates It took several years for Augustus to consolidate his position, as Julius Caesars assassination led to an assumption of power by Antony. It was Ciceros support of Octavian—a power play in which Cicero intended to use to split Caesars heirs—that led to the repudiation of Antony and ultimately, to Octavians acceptance in Rome. While Octavian then had the support of the Senate, he was still not immediately made dictator or emperor.   Despite Ciceros machinations, in 43 BCE, Antony, his supporter Lepidus, and Octavian formed the Second Triumvirate (triumviri rei publicae constituendae), a pact that would last for five years and end in 38 BCE. Without consulting the Senate, the three men divided the provinces among themselves, instituted proscriptions, and (at Philippi) fought the liberators—who then committed suicide. The second term of the triumvirate ended at the end of 33 BCE, and by that time, Antony had married Octavians sister and then repudiated her for his beloved Cleopatra VII, Pharaoh of Egypt. The Battle for the Control of Rome   Accusing Antony of setting up a power base in Egypt to threaten Rome, Augustus led Roman forces against Antony to battle for the control of Rome and the legacy Caesar left behind. Octavian and Marc Antony met at the Battle of Actium, where the fate of Rome was decided in 31 BCE. Octavian emerged victoriously, and Antony and his love Cleopatra both committed suicide.   But it still took many more years for Octavian to establish himself both as emperor and as the head of the Roman religion. The process was complex, requiring both political and military finesse. On the face of things, Augustus restored the Republic, calling himself Princeps Civitas, the First Citizen of the State, but in reality, maintained his status as military dictator of Rome. With all Octavians strong opponents dead, the civil wars ended, and soldiers settled with the wealth acquired from Egypt, Octavian—with universal support—assumed command and was consul every year from 31–23 BCE. Augustus Caesars Legacy On January 16, 17 BCE, C. Julius Caesar Octavianus or Octavian (or simply Caesar), finally shed his previous name and became emperor of Rome as Imperator Caesar Augustus. A savvy politician, Octavian had even more of an impact on the history of the Roman Empire than did Julius. It was Octavian who, with Cleopatras treasure, was able to establish himself as emperor, effectively ending the Roman Republic. It was Octavian, under the name Augustus, who built the Roman Empire into a mighty military and political machine, laying the groundwork for the 200-year Pax Romana (Roman Peace). The Empire as founded by Augustus lasted for almost 1,500 years. Sources Augustus (63 BC–AD 14). BBC History, 2014.Cairns, Francis and Elaine Fantham (eds.) Caesar against Liberty? Perspectives on His Autocracy. Papers of the Langford Latin Seminar 11. Cambridge: Francis Cairns, 2003.Plutarch. The Life of Cicero. The Parallel Lives. Loeb Classical Library VII, 1919.Rubincam, Catherine. The Nomenclature of Julius Caesar and the Later Augustus in the Triumviral Period. Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte 41.1 (1992): 88–103.

Chapter V. International Protection Of Human Rights Essay

Chapter V International Protection of Human Rights of Stateless Persons 5.1 Protection of the Rights of Rohingyas as Stateless persons under International Law: All human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependence and interrelated. All human beings are equal in dignity and rights and these rights are vested upon them. So they should act each other on the basis of the principle of universal brotherhood. All most the international human rights instruments protect the ethnic minorities in their own country and asylum country. Though Bangladesh and Myanmar have no legal bindings to protect the stateless persons under the1954 Convention and 1961 Convention , both the countries have ratified the major international human rights instruments by which both states have legal obligations to protect the human rights of stateless persons. Bangladesh and Myanmar are parties of the UN Charter, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Convention on the Elimination All Forms of Discrimination against Women(CEDAW), AND the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC).Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 (UDHR), is the cu stomary international law. Bangladesh is the contracting state of the ICESCR, CAT. When the conflict arises between the Charter obligations and those under international agreements, the problem will be solved on favour of the Charter. 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My School Uniform And Shoes Essay - 1451 Words

I started buying my own things at the age of 12. During the summer I would work to be able to buy my school uniform and shoes. I currently live off campus in a apartment nearby California State University Northridge and go back to my hometown Los Angeles to work with my parents to have money for my necessities. I didn’t have it easy growing up; nothing was given to me instead I had to work for it. Working at such a young age has positively molded me into a hard worker, being able to manage my time well, and appreciate my possession even more. My childhood was like any other. I played outside and watched cartoons ,but when I turned 12 things began to change.When I was born my parent opened a christian book store. Ever since then my family has worked every day in order to pay their mortgage and other expenses. I didn’t have the typical teenage life. After school I would go home and help my mom by staying in shop so she could cook lunch and then dinner. 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ANOVA Results - Determining Factors That Influence Other Responses, th Assignment

Essays on ANOVA Results - Determining Factors That Influence Other Responses, the Correlation Coefficient Matrix and Analysis the Values Assignment The paper â€Å"ANOVA Results - Determining Factors That Influence Other Responses, the Correlation Coefficient Matrix and Analysis the Values" is an informative version of an assignment on statistics. Five variables are considered in this test, the â€Å"intent† variable which represents the buying intentions, has a value that ranges from 1 to 10, the value 1 represents extremely unlikely and 10 represents extremely likely. The variable, in this case, is therefore considered as the dependent variable.Fixed factors that are the categorical variables that have a different effect on the dependent variable include â€Å"nonstop† representing a number of stops, the variable â€Å"deep time† which represents the time of departure and the variable â€Å"food drink† which represents in fright food and drinks. The variable â€Å"fare raw† is considered as a covariate variable; this means that â€Å"fare raw† is assumed to have a linear correlation w ith the variable â€Å"intent†. Assumptions are that; the error terms are independent, they are normally distributed with a mean value of zero and their variance remains constant across observations.Descriptive statistics are summarised in appendix 1 and they indicate that there is a difference in mean values across the categories. Appendix 2 indicates the Levene’s test for error term variance equality, the significance value of this test is 0.594, this value is greater than 0.05 the null hypothesis that variances are equal is accepted, therefore the assumptions of this test are not violated.Appendix 3 indicates the ANOVA results, values indicated include the sum of squares and factors partial Eta squared, the table below summarises these results:Partial Eta Squared:The partial Eta value indicates the amount of variation that is accounted for by the variable, it indicates the importance and significance of the variable and from the above: â€Å"fare raw† is of g reat importance because the value is relatively high (0.7477) while â€Å"food drink† is of less importance in the model given that the value is only (0.05).Omega squared:The partial Eta value may be biased when a sample is used and an alternative is the Omega squared value,This value is determined as follows:W squared ={ sum of squares T – [ (k-1)*(MSerror)]}/{sum of squares total + MSerror}the table below summarises the values:SourceType III Sum of SquaresdfMean SquareOmega squarednum stops223.7250421223.7250420.011456765dep time115.0076353338.335878440.005789845food drink32.02051904310.673506350.001525285fare raw1568.470711568.47070.080560836The results indicate that the variable â€Å"foodbank† variable is less important while â€Å"nonstop† and â€Å"fare raw† are important factors in explaining variations in â€Å"intent†.Managerial implications: Implications of these results indicate that buying decisions will be greatly influenced by fares and the number of stops. Another factor that will influence this is the departure time. Food and drinks, however, will have little effect on buying decisions as indicated by the partial Eta squared and omega squared statistics.Multiple regression:Appendix 4 summarises the multiple regression model estimated, according to these results the model is as follows:ParameterBIntercept9.059[numstops=0]1.140[numstops=1]0(a)[deptime=1]-.448[deptime=2].637[deptime=3].377[deptime=4]0(a)[fooddrnk=1]-.460[fooddrnk=2].048[fooddrnk=3].060[fooddrnk=4]0(a)fareraw-.014The model is as follows:Intent = 9.059 + 1.140 numstop0 –0.448 deptime1 + 0.637 deptime2 + 0.377 deptime3 – 0.460 fooddrnk1 + 0.48 fooddrnk2 + 0.060 fooddrnk3 – 0.014 farerawEta squared:Parameter EstimatesDependent Variable: Buying intentionParameterBPartial Eta SquaredNoncent. ParameterObserved Power(a)Intercept9.059.85763.8841.000[numstops=0]1.140.29716.9401.000[numstops=1]0(b)...[deptime=1]-.448.0324.705.99 7[deptime=2].637.0626.6911.000[deptime=3].377.0233.960.977[deptime=4]0(b)...[fooddrnk=1]-.460.0334.826.998[fooddrnk=2].048.000.507.080[fooddrnk=3].060.001.627.096[fooddrnk=4]0(b)...fareraw-.014.74844.8531.000Question 2:Exploratory Factor Analysis: This analysis is aimed at determining the factors that influence the other responses, exploratory analysis involves determining the correlation coefficient matrix and analysis the values. Factors whose correlation coefficient is high either negative or positive are more likely to be influenced by one factor, those whose correlation coefficients are low are more likely to be influenced by different factors.

Gentrification free essay sample

The criminalization of marijuana began with the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937. Since the criminalization of the plant cannabis sativa, many attempts have been made to appeal the criminalization of it and legalize the Schedule I drug. With the upcoming elections of 2010 only a month and a half away, the heated debate of legalization vs. criminalization is taking rise as the proposition moves its way to the ballot. Whether we should legalize marijuana depends on the impact it will have on criminal activity, the benefit of legal taxed sales, and the medical value of marijuana. Marijuana is not legal, yet millions of taxpayer’s dollars are being allocated to the cleanup of illegal cultivation farms in state and national parks; and there are several. Marijuana farms are prospering with help from propane tanks, coils of irrigation, and chemicals for fertilization. Unfortunately, it is costly to cleanup these sites and takes years to rehabilitate the ones damaged with chemical-eroding effects (Roosevelt). With the hopes of legalization comes the burden of devastation for these parks and the cost to keep the wrong plant and criminals out of the right kind of garden. Perhaps why crime is associated with medical marijuana is where the marijuana can be bought. Marijuana dispensaries are legal operating stores that sell marijuana to patients with medical marijuana cards. These dispensaries increase demand for police as they can disrupt nearby businesses, lower property values, and increase illegal drug use. Chris Gallagher is chief of the Los Banos Police Department. He said robberies and violent crimes occurred regularly at dispensaries in Humboldt County, a notable landmark in the pot-smoking world, and that dispensaries had proven to be extremely disruptive (Reilly). If dispensaries only attract robberies and violent crime then an easy solution would be to increase surveillance and patrol of dispensary areas to decrease these occurring crimes. Many do debate that the legalization of marijuana will indefinitely lead to increasing criminal activity. However, the belief that marijuana allows people to become aggressive, irrational, and insane and in turn impairs one’s judgment to the point of criminal activity is absurd. Marijuana does not cause crime. According to a published article in Atlantic Monthly, a study was conducted by two researches, one from the RAND Corporation and the other from Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, testing the belief that marijuana consumption leads to criminal-like behavior. The study concluded marijuana may not make users more likely to break the law, but it probably makes them more likely to get caught (Reefer). The study proved that marijuana users were likely to be apprehended by police, but that marijuana users were not more likely to commit crimes than non-users. The Drug Policy Alliance Network is one of the nations leading organizations committing to ending the war on drugs and providing new drug policies based on science, compassion, health, and human rights. According to their website drugpolicy.org, the belief that marijuana causes crime and induces one with aggression and violence is a myth. â€Å"The vast majority of marijuana users do not commit crimes other than the crime of possessing marijuana. Among marijuana users who do commit crimes, marijuana plays no causal role. Almost all human and animal studies show that marijuana decreases rather than increases aggression† (DPAN). Since most marijuana related arrests are for possession, the legalization of it will cancel out the possession charges and mathematically reduce the amount of criminal activity. Deficit, bankruptcy, and inflation are terms we Americans now incorporate into our daily lives. Our national debt increases exponentially with each year and still no solution or compromise is being ascertained. Many promote the taxation of marijuana to increase federal revenue. However, according to a comment made by Joel W. Hay, professor of Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy in the School of Pharmacy at the University of Southern California, â€Å"It is a fallacy that pot legalization will provide badly needed state and federal revenue through taxation of decriminalized marijuana †¦[and that] economic costs will increase by amounts far greater than any possible revenue gains† (Dubner). Repudiating this statement, is the common knowledge that taxing a large-profit-generating crop does provide money; and since money is scarce in our recovering country, implementing extra money does not seem so worthless. Certain states such as California, are currently experiencing a huge deficit with little alternatives for increasing revenue. It is without ambiguity that marijuana has become the biggest cash crop in the United States, bringing in more annually than corn and wheat combined (Heffter). Blatantly, taxing the nation’s number one crop is one of the best ways to decrease our state and national deficit. According to an article published in the Contra Costa Times, advocates said legalization and regulation could bring as much as $1.4 billion for the state of California. (Richman). With California’s budget deficit exceeding $24 billion, allocating $1.4 billion does not seem tumultuous. An article from the Economist states that on top of that there would be lots of cannabis-driven tourism (Puff). Illegal suppliers, smugglers, and dealers are illegal proprietors reaping huge profits that sustain and establish their businesses; profits our nation can obtain if legalized and regul ated. What truly impedes the legalization of marijuana, and why it was even decriminalized in Proposition 215, is the medical value of marijuana for disease stricken and terminally ill patients. It is clear that no one has ever died of THC poisoning, so the concept of dying or going belligerently insane like â€Å"Reefer Madness† is a fallacy (Cloud). According to an article published in New York Times, Marijuana reduces pressure on the eyeball by 25% for glaucoma patients, reduces painful spasms for patients with multiple sclerosis and trauma, and reduces pain for postoperative patients (Cloud). This claim is also supported by NORML the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, the organization states marijuana provides symptomatic relief for a number of medical conditions, including nausea and vomiting, stimulating appetite, promoting weight gain, and diminishing intraocular pressure from glaucoma. Patients and physicians have also reported that smoked marijuana pr ovides relief from migraine headaches, depression, seizures, insomnia and chronic pain, among other conditions (NORML). Cannabis Sativa is not a plant that has no medical benefit for the ill and terminal. Marijuana is a pain reliever that is grown naturally and prospers without the expensive use of marketing tactics, manufacturing, processing, and packaging. Yet, strong opposition claims it has no benefit. The Drug Enforcement Administration states marijuana is the most commonly abused illicit drug in the U.S. Due to the high abuse it is a Schedule I drug, meaning, there is a high potential for abuse and no medical benefit. Awkwardly, PCP, Ecstasy, Heroin, and LSD are in the same Schedule I category. The DEA also states that marijuana consumption is not healthy as it highly alters one’s judgment and damages the lungs if smoked, the most common way of consumption. The DEA stands by this defense because of the 2001 case United States v. Oakland Cannabis Club. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled marijuana has no medical value stating, â€Å"In the case of the controlled Substance Act, the statute reflects a determination that marijuana has no medical benefits worthy of an exception outside the confines of a government-approached project† (Supreme Court of the United States, Syllabus: United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers’ Cooperative ET AL). The evidence against this rul ing is compelling, but the DEA will not accept research-supporting marijuana as a pain reliever. Cannabis Sativa has caused quite the commotion since its prohibition began over half a century ago. Many still argue that it is a factor in increasing criminal activity, that it damages the body, and will create even more problems and financial ruin if legalization is applied. Yet, marijuana is unlike other drugs; it is not chemically processed and manufactured, presenting itself in a conveniently sized box with an FDA approved label on the front. It is a plant that has been growing wildly and naturally for thousands of years. It is a resource that does not increase crime, a plant that can provide much needed money; it is an alternative that can relieve the pain of millions across the world. â€Å"Pot,† â€Å"Weed,† â€Å"Mary Jane,† marijuana, Cannabis Sativa, whatever it may be called, is merely a plant that if legalized would provide relief for the one’s whom need a release. It is our right and of good belief to explore, any means that can remedy our a voidable sufferings.

Asian Economic And Financial Crisis Essay Research free essay sample

Asiatic Economic And Financial Crisis Essay, Research Paper Asiatic Crisis The crisis began in Thailand in July 1997 and spread to Indonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia, so to Hong Kong, Korea and Japan. Financial systems in Thailand, Korea and Japan all came under intense strain, but nowhere every bit destructively as in Indonesia, which by early 1998 had become the worst-affected victim. The 1997 Asiatic fiscal meltdown began in Thailand on July 2 after the prostration in late June of 16 finance companies alerted investors to the strains on the fiscal system. After billowing in front in the mid 90s Thai exports had shrunk in 1996. The authorities was rickety, economic growing was decelerating, and at that place had already been two bad onslaughts on the currency. By July 1997 money market bargainers believed the authorities could be forced to abandon its pledge to associate the Thai tical to the US dollar. Malaysia was non as severely hit by the currency crisis as Thailand, Indonesia O R South Korea. Mahathir’s ailments helped bolster his political support at place but undermined his state # 8217 ; s credibleness with the outside universe. Hong Kong remained about untouched by the Asiatic convulsion until a monolithic selloff of its sharemarket in the hebdomad of 20 October, a injury that brought place to the universe that the crisis would non be isolated to Southeast Asia. The honkytonk in the market was driven by frights of a downswing in the Hong Kong economic system and the chance it would abandon the nog between the Hong Kong and US dollars. In the background was a deeper concern, that fiscal discord in Hong Kong could hold profound effects on China. China had been the favorite of Western investors for several old ages, and immense undertakings will be under menace if the Chinese economic system work stoppages problem. China is partly insulated from the convulsion because its ain fiscal markets are stiffly controlled. But its Bankss are likewise overburdened with debt and its exports at hazard from a world-wide lag in demand.